This theme explores the major changes and challenges that societies are facing today. 

It looks at environmental, demographic and social transformations, including climate issues, population changes and new ways of living. 

You will also think about public protests, transport, the transformation of cities, and the way we produce, consume and recycle. 

Through different texts, images and situations, you will discover how societies can adapt to these changes and build a more sustainable future.

Check you understand all the vocabulary before doing the activities.

climate change ► long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, especially the rise in global temperatures.

environmental challenges ► problems that affect the natural world and require solutions to protect the environment.

ecological transition ► the process of changing society and the economy to reduce their impact on the environment.

social change ► changes in the way a society is organised, behaves or thinks over time.

demographic change ► changes in the size, structure or characteristics of a population.

population growth ► an increase in the number of people living in a particular area or country.

urbanisation ► the process by which more people move to and live in towns and cities.

urban development ► the growth and transformation of cities through new buildings, services and infrastructure.

sustainable development ► development that meets present needs without damaging the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

public transport ► transport services available for everyone to use, such as buses, trains and underground systems.

transport networks ► interconnected systems of roads, railways and other routes used to move people and goods.

mobility ► the ability of people to move easily from one place to another.

infrastructure ► the basic systems and structures a society needs to function, such as roads, energy networks and public services.

urban planning ► the process of designing and organising the development of towns and cities.

overcrowding ► a situation in which too many people live or gather in a limited space.

pollution ► the introduction of harmful substances or waste into the environment.

natural resources ► materials provided by nature, such as water, forests, minerals and fossil fuels.

consumption ► the use of goods, services, energy or resources.

mass production ► the manufacture of large quantities of identical products, usually using machines.

consumerism ► the belief or habit of buying and consuming large amounts of goods and services.

waste ► unwanted materials or products that are thrown away after use.

recycling ► the process of collecting and transforming used materials so they can be used again.

sustainability ► the ability to meet human needs while protecting resources and the environment for the future.

environmental awareness ► knowledge and understanding of environmental problems and their consequences.

social movements ► organised groups of people working together to bring about social or political change.

a protest ► a public action showing disagreement with a policy, decision or situation.

a trade union ► an organisation that represents workers and protects their rights and interests.

grassroots activism ► action for social or political change organised by ordinary people at a local level.

to raise awareness ► to make people more informed and concerned about an issue.

to adapt to change ► to adjust your behaviour, organisation or way of living to new circumstances.

Do the activities to memorize your vocabulary better!